Polylepis tarapacana bush and puna steppe vegetation on hillside below Tunupa volcano, Oruro Department, Bolivia

No recent eruptions of Tunupa have been recorded and it is considered extinct. The volcano once had glaciers (maybe as recently as 15,000 years ago); look closely at the rock slabs in the lower part of the image and you can see the glacial striation lines or striae, caused by glacial abrasion (rocks and debris under the ice scraping over the bedrock as the glacier moved down the mountainside). Tunupa was mainly active in the Pleistocene era, with most of the volcano constructed by lava flows during eruptions between 1.3 and 1.6 million years ago.